Infrared spectrophotometer



Aug. 19, 1952 H. H. CARY ET AL 2,607,899

INFRARED sPEcTRoPHoToMETER Filed Jan. 14, 1947 e sheets-sheet 1 INVEA/Ts.- HENRY H. 'CARY ROLAND C. HAwEs KE/vyo/v P GEORGE Bv 7715/@ ATroRNEYs HA pms, MECH, sTs/e A? HARP/5 @my fw Aug. 19, 1952 H. H. CARY ETAL INFRARED sPEcTRoPHoToMETER Filed Jn. 14, 1947 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 Aug 19, 1952 H. H. CARY ETAL INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETER 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed Jan. 14, 1947 J268e 267i ww 36 HCP EYDM VRNv M NMN EOE HRK w 5 2 O Bv 771mm TroRNEYs HARR/s, MECH, FosTE/z f HAR/21s l1g 19, 1952 H. H. CARY ET A1.

INFRARED sPEcTRoPHoToMETER Filed Jan. 14, 1947 .D 4 E R 5 R 7 EG E J @www www mmWHG me MH. C. 0,. A E F v DN m NvNo .hrm I w A Y T H, HEM ma 0 8 R K K., .4.a 3. Q Z 44 M y u ma 5 42 004r w 1.7. a d/m 3. ILVQV F mr J w .,O 4

JM 5R 6 S WHA. t YERM im@ ma m m HGA; Q MHC? wrm 2 .t E N ,M Vyoorm h NRNY VE s A JM n 6 HRK Y R m H H H CARY ET AL INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETER Aug. 19, 1952 Flled Jan 14, 1947 Patented Aug. 19, 1952 INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETER Henry H. Cary, Alhambra, Roland C. Hawes, Los

Angeles, and Kenyon P. George, South Pasadena, Calif., assignors to Beckman Instruments, Inc., a corporation of California Application January 14, 1947, Serial No. '722,038

(Cl. Z50-83.3)

1s claims. 1

This invention relates to the art of spectrometry and more particularly both to improved methods and improved apparatus for making chemical analyses by absorption spectrophotometr Vslrhlle the principles involved in this invention may be applied to various types of spectrometers, and various methods of spectrometry, the invention finds its widest appliction in the field oi 1nfra-red spectrometry. Accordingly, the principles of the invention will be illustrated with particular reference to their application in the eld of infra-red spectrometry. However, it is to be understood that these principles may also be applied to other forms of spectrometry, so that the disclosure of the specific application of these principles in the eld of infra-red spectrometry, is not to be considered a limitation of the invention thereto.

In the practice of absorption spectrometry, radiation is vusually transmitted from a source through a monochromator to a radiation detector lby means of a suitable optical system. Spectrometers have recently been widely used for analyzing chemical mixtures and in such instruments it is customary to use as a source of radiation a radiating element which emits radiation which is rich in energy in the Wavelength region under investigation, even though the distribution of energy in the region in question be far from uniform. The radiation transmitted from the source into the monochromator is separated therein by a dispersing element such as a prism or grating so as to enable the projection of selected radiation, that is, radiation in a narrow predetermined wavelength band, to the detector. The optical system generally includes lenses, mirrors, and lters. Usually the detector is in the form of a thermocouple or other radiation sensitive device and a change occurring in some property of the detector in accordance with the intensity of radiation falling therein is measured by means of an electrical circuit connected thereto.

In the practice of spectrometry, numerous difficulties are encountered which render the analysis tedious and expensive, and sometimes even inaccurate.

In particular, when analyzing liquid or solid refocusing or recalibration, ofthe spectrometer under such circumstances is, to say the least, highly undesirable.

In any spectrometer seriousdiculties in the analysis arise from the fact that stray radiation, other than that of the predetermined Wavelength desired, also reaches the radiation detector, thus creating a false indication of the amounts of radiation of predetermined wavelength being transmitted thereto through the sample under test. Such stray radiation is known as false energy radiation. Its presence at the detector is accounted for partly by virtue of the fact that apfpreciable proportions of all radiation striking various optical and other surfaces in the spectrometer are scattered therefrom in every direc;- tion by reason of imperfections in these surfaces. This scattered radiation and other stray radiation that may be present is further scattered and reiiected at various surfaces within the spectrometer, thus causing some of it to reach the detector by devious paths. The proportion of radiation striking the detector which is false energy radiation is undesirably great, particularly when measurements are being made in a weak portion of the spectrum.

Another problem arising in the practice of spectrometry results from the fact that the intensity oi radiation emitted from the source may fluctuate. Ordinarily, attempts are made to overcome this ,difficulty by utilizing a null or balancing technique wherein two beams from the source are detected, one of the beams traveling along one path and through the sample under test, and the other traveling along a second path but not -through that sample. This of course results in a multiplication of numerous optical elements in the spectrometer or in the uneconomical use of those present. It has the further objection that the diificulties of producing and maintaining spectral equivalence of the two optical paths are great, particularly in the infra-red wavelength regions where it may be necessary to use easily damaged materials such as rock salt as optical elements.

In the art of spectrometry it is generally considered desirable to provide an arrangement which is suitable for making measurements at selected predetermined wavelengths and also alternatively to scan a wide continuous portion of the spectrum to obtain a record of intensities at all wavelengths in that portion.l When making a single wavelength measurement, it is desired to indicate the transmission or absorption coefcient of the sample under test directly. In both procedures, fluctuations in the signal strength occur,

because of electrical or other variations, often termed noise, having their origin in various parts of the apparatus such as in an electrical amplifier connected to the detector. It is desirable to reduce the eiiect of such noise as much as possible so as to increase the accuracy and reliability of the measurements. s

VIt is often desirable to use a rotating shutter for periodically intercepting the beam of radiation transmitted from the source to the detector and to use an amplifying system Which-is selectively responsive to a signa1 striking the detector at the frequency of beam interruption. The use of such an arrangement serves twomain purposes. the temperature of the wall of the spectrometer, insofar as such variation in temperature produces; changes in the amount of stray radiation reaching the detector. in the infra-red region wherein such variations are particularly serious because of the large amount of black-body radiation. in the Wavelength region. in question at. normal atmospheric temperatures. Secondly, the use ofv such a. system facilitates the application of alternatingcurrent amplifier design techniques in the indicating system.

Having in mind the problems present in the art ofspectrometry, and also the requirements desired in a commercial instrument, it is a general object of the invention to provide an improved spectrometer of compact, exible construction in which these and other diiculties areV overcome.

AnotherV object of theY invention is to provide aspectrometer having lconvenient sample-testing Ameans adapted forinvestigatingsolid, liquid, and gas-samples.

AnotherV object of the invention is to provide a spectrometer with a liquid-sample testing arrangement Vwhich lpermits the insertion and removal of a liquid sample from the path of the beam Without seriously disturbing the overall optical adjustment and calibration.

Another object of the invention is to provide a spectrometer with a solid-sample testing arrangement having similar qualities.

Anotherl object of the invention is to provide a` spectrometer in which the optical system establishesa region-in-Which the beam is collimated and a region in which the beam is not collimated and to providev a means for inserting liquid or other non-gaseous samples in the region ofthe collimated'beam and gas samples inthe region; of the non-collimated beam, so as to facilitate use of the spectrometerfor analysisv of either v,kind of sample. without requiring recalibration.

Another object oi? the. invention is to provide a spectrometer with an improved .arrangement for inerchanging samples in the beam.

Another object of the invention is to provide a spectrometer Which utilizes only a single beam but which is substantially free of spontaneous calibration fluctuations, either those resulting from zero shift, or changes in instrument respense when the radiation beam from the source .to thev detector is cut off for extended periods of time, or those resulting from fluctuations in emission from the source.

Another object of the invention is to provide in the amplifying system of the spectrometer, means for adjusting the time response characteristic ,of the signal appearing at the output.

Another object of the invention is to provide an improved method and meansl for reducing the effects ofstray radiation lin a spectrometer.

This is especially important First, it reduces the effect of variationrin e A further object of the invention is to provide a spectrometer with a beam interrupting shutter Which causes the intensity of radiation of a predetermined wavelength to vary periodically in amplitude while the intensity of certain false energy radiation reaching the detector remains substantially constant, soA as' to permit discrimination of the radiation of predetermined Wavelength from the false energy radiation in an alternatingcurrent amplier connected to the detector.

Another object of the invention is to provide a spectrometer With a pair of beam-interrupting shutter means each of which serves to vary the intensity of selected radiation directed to the detectorV in different` portions of the spectrum in order to minimize the deleterious eiects of stray radiation throughout the entire spectrum.

Another object of the invention is to provide a spectrometer using `a beam-interrupting shutter with a rectifier in the circuit connected to the detector which may 'bez adjusted `to: operate) in synchronism with the signalv resulting from, the action ofthe rotating shutter.

Another object of the invention is to provide a spectrometer with an improved arrangement for selectively setting the monochromatorto direct radiation of predetermined wavelengths to the detector.

Other objectsof this. invention, together with numerous advantages thereof, will become ap.- pa-rent in the course of the followingdetailed de scription ofthe invention as applied Ato aninfrai.- redspectrophotometer :A

Referring to the accompanying. drawings, whereinV like numerals in the several views refer to identical-parts: l;

Fig. 1 is a schematic .diagram of a spectrophotometer incorporating they features'. of this invention;

Fig. 2 is a wiring diagram of a portion. of the amplifier circuit including the mechanical rec'.- tier;

Fig. 3 is a graph representing various spectral characteristics of parts of this spectrophotometer;

Fig. 4' is a diagram of a direct reading absorp.- tion and transmission -coeiiicient measuring de.- vice;

Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating mechanical details of the rectifier;

Fig. 6 is a-plan view, partly in section, show.;- ing details of construction of the compartment of the spectrophotometer including the radiation source;

Fig. 7 is an end view of the shutter arrangement taken on the line '1 -1 of Fig. 6;

Fig. 8 is a rear elevational Vview of the shutter arrangement, taken as indicated by the arrowl 3 of Fig. '7;

Fig. 9 isa detail View of a (portion of the shutter clutching apparatus, being taken along the line 9--9 of Fig. .8;v

Fig. 10 is a detail view of the shaft coupling;

Figs. 11 and 12 are graphs used in explaining the operation of' the shutter mechanism;

Fig. 1,3V is a fragmentary elevational view `of the liquid-sample compartment, illustrating details of the liquid-sample holder arrangement;

Fig. 14l is an end View of the liquid-sample holder arrangement;

Fig. 15 is avplan View, partly in section, of the gas-sample compartment of the spectrophotomzeter;

Fig. 16 is an end view of thegas sample-hold.- ing apparatusitaken on the line` 1.6.- I-6 `of Fig. 15';

Referring to the drawings and more particularly to Fig. l, there is illustrated a spectrophotometer embodying the features of this invention. The spectrophotometer includes an optical system for transmitting radiation in narrow predetermined wavelength bands from a radiation source I2 to a radiation detector I4 along a predetermined path passing through Ian* auxiliary gas-sample test region I5, a liquid-sample test region I6, a gas-sample test regio-n I1, and a monochromator I8. The monochromator separates heterogeneous radiation into its components and directs radiation of a selected predetermined wavelength @band to the detector.

Generally speaking, the spectrophotometer itself comprises four compartments 2B, 2 I, 22 and 23, interconnected in light-tight relation except for intercommunicating lapertures intended topass selected radiation. The first compartment includes the light source I2 and the auxiliary gas-sample region I5; the second compartment 2| provides the liquid-sample testing region I6;

the. third compartment 22 provides the .gassample region Il; the fourth compartment k23 encloses themonochromator I8. An auxiliary compartment section I9 in the compartment 22 includes the radiation detector I4. The compartment section I9 is sealed 01T from the remainder of the compartment 22 by means of walls 43 so that no radiation can reach the detector I 4 without rst passing through the monochromator.

Considering the path of radiation through the spectrophotometer, it is to be noted that the four compartments are provided with various windows which are registered on a straight-line path 25 extending through the four compartments and along which the radiation travels. More particularly, heterogeneous radiation diverging from the source I2 is transmitted to a concave mirror 28 at one end of the path 25 in the auxiliary gas-sample testing region I5. This mirror reduces the divergence of the radiation and reflects it as a beam along the path 25. The reflected radiation is collimated by a negative lens 30 and projected through an exit aperture `32 vof the compartment 20 and an entrance' aperture 33 of the liquid-sample compartment ZI, and thence through an exit aperture 35 thereof and into the gas-sample compartment 22 through an entrance aperture 36 of the latter. It is to be noted that the radiation projected through the liquid-sample compartment is collimated throughout the portion of its path in that compartment. This enables the insertion of a liquid, or solid, sample in this portion of the path without disturbing the over-all focusing effects of the optical system between the source I2 and the entrance slit of the monochromator.

It also permits insertion of alternative compartments of various lengths in place of compartment 2I without seriously altering these focal adjustments, with the advantage that a great variety of absorption cellsor other devices as required by the user may be provided in this compartment.

` `Upon entering the gas-sample compartment 22,-the collimated beam is directed by a positive lens 38 along converging paths so as to concentrate upon an entrance slit A4I) of the monochromator I8, the radiation being transmitted thereto along a path passing above the walls 43 of the compartment section I9 and through an exit aperture 44a of the gas-sample compartment 22, and through an entrance aperture 45a in the monochromator. The radiation passing through the entrance slit 40 of the monochromator continues along the path 25 to a concave mirror 4S, which reflects the radiation to a dispersing system of the Littrow type including a (iO-degree rock-salt prism 48 and'a rotatableiiat Littrow mirror 50. A positive lens 52 arranged `between the exit aperture 44a of the gas-sample testing compartment and the entrance aperture 45a of the monochromator focuses an image of the entrance aperture 36 of the gas-sample compartment 22 upon the aperture stop 54 defined .by mask 55, shown in section, at the front face the Littrow mirror 50. Because of the dispersion characteristics of the prism, components of the radiation OfdiiTerent wavelengths emerge from the rear face 58 of the prism'in different directions. That radiation having such a wavelength that it travels substantially perpendicularly to the Littrow mirror is reflected thereby along a reverse path. This reflected beam enters the rear face 58 of the prism, emerges from the front face 56 thereof, traveling rearwardly to the concave mirror 45 and thence rearwardly along but somewhat below the path 25 toward an exit slit 60 which is located immediately below the entrance slit 42 when viewed as in Fig. 1. The arrangement of the optical elements of the spectrophotometer is such that reflected radiation of a central wavelength within the selected wavelength band arriving at the exit slit 60 forms there an image of the entrance slit 40, `so that most of the radiation of predetermined wavelength travels outwardly of the monochromator along a path which is displaced vertically downward from the entrance slit 4I) as mentioned. Radiation of other wavelengths travels generally toward the exit slit 6I) along displaced paths, the

optical arrangement of the monochromator being vfrom the spectrum which is focused upon that surface in a dispersed manner as regards its wavelength. It is to be understood in this specification that where reference is made to selected radiation orto radiation of a selected wavelength, actually radiation in a selected wavelength band having its center at about the wavelength in question is intended. In the usual case this band is very narrow and is defined primarily by the widths of the entrance and exit slits 40 and 60 of the monochromator, and the dispersing characteristics of the prism.

This selected energy travels along a path beneath the lens 52 and outwardly of an exit aperture Y45h located in the monochromator com#- partment directly beneath the entrance'aperture .for optimum performance.

:aperture 44a. The selectedradiation entering the compartment section I9 travels to an inclined lconcave mirror 64 which in turn concentrates the radiation in the direction of the radiation cletector I4 and, in conjunction with lens 65, forms an image of the exit slit, much reduced in size, on the photo-detector I4.

It is to be noted that the gas sample portions of the optical pathare in regions Where the beam isconverging or diverging, and where any marked alteration of the effective optica-l path length would require refocusing of the optical elements On the other hand, in the portion of the optical pathadapted to accommodate liquid or solid samples the beam is collimated, that is, in the condition in which even after a relatively marked alteration of effective path length a readjustment of the focus Will not increase the intersity of the radiation focused in the plane of the entrance slit. The image of the source in the plane of the entrance slit may be, and desirably is, larger than the entrance slit, so that small changes of 'focus in the optical path have negligible effect on overall instrument performance. Further, the effect of Yvarying the optical path in the collimated region aforesaid is only to alter the position of the solid angles over which the radiation from the source is used, and not their magnitude or the size or intensity of the' image of the source.

It Will be noted that the length of the optical path in the liquid-sample region I6 is relatively7 short, but may readily be made longer by substitution of alternative compartments of various @place gas-sample testing meansin diverging and converging regions of the beam. Furthermore, ordinarily, liquid samples absorb much more `radiation than gas samples of equal path length.

We find it advantageous to use a relatively long gas sample and a relatively short liquid sample in studies of the spectral-absorption characteristics of each.

Several advantages therefore result from the orientation of the sample handling means relative to the focusing means in this instrument: it is optically eicient under all conditions of use; it is versatile, yet relatively small and compact;

land lastly, it is flexible in the sense that it is easily adapted to uses not specifically disclosed herein.

To facilitate analysis of liquid samples, a liquidsample holder S6 having two liquid-sample cells 68a and 68h is located in the liquid sam-ple compartment 2|. This holder 66 is arranged to be transversely movable by means of a first manually-controllable operating rod 'It that extends through the wall of the compartment 2|, so that either of the liquid-sample cells alone may be positioned on-the path 25 to intercept the collivmated beam orso that both sample cells may be -ture of about 1,500 K., or higher.

`8 Withdrawnfrom the beam completely, if desired, as will be later described in more detail.

In a .similar manner, a gas-sample holder 'I2 having two gas-sample cells 14a and 'Mb is located in the gas-sample compartment 22. The latter holder is likewise arranged to be shifted by means of'a second manually controllable operating rod 'I'B that extends through the wall of this compartment, so that either of the gas-sample cells alone may be positioned on the path 25 to intercept the non-collimated beam and so that both of these sample cells may be withdrawn from the beam completely, if desired, as later described in greater detail.

.Like liquid samples, solid'samples also affect the effective optical path length profoundly. To avoid such effects when analyzing solid samples, these samples are introduced into the path of the beam within the liquid-sample compartment 2| Where the beam is collimated, this chamber therefore serving in general for the analysis of non-gaseous samples.

In order to attain maximum sensitivity of this spectrophotometer throughout its range, the source I2 is of the incandescent type, preferably a Nernst glower, and is operated vat a tempera- With such a source the distribution of energy inthe spectrum of the source is very uneven, a large portion of the energy being concentrated in the short-Wavelength region, and a relatively small portion of the energy being concentrated in the long-Wavelength region. The proportions vary considerably with temperature and kind of source'employed, but the principles of operation described apply to most commonly used sources in some wavelength region of use. In the graph of Fig. 3, curve A represents the spectral distribution of such energy at a temperature of 1,500 K. In this graph, the practical limits of the rock-salt region of the infra-red, namely, the region from about 1.0/1. to about 15u, are indicated by heavy dashed lines a and b respectively. It is to be noted that the radiation intensity is relatively high in the shortwavelength portion of the spectrum and relatively low in the long-wavelength portion thereof.

While this spectrophotometer is designed to direct radiation of one predetermined wavelength to the detector at a time, in practice it is found that radiation of other wavelengths, known as false energy radiation, also arrives at the detector simultaneously. The presence yof such false energy radiation at the detector results from multiple scattering and reflection `of radiation of all wavelengths vin its passage through the instrument. In an instrument in which the dispersing element is a diffraction grating, false energy may also result from overlapping of images from other spectral orders than the one desired at the exit slit. Because of the fact that there is little, if any, spectral discrimination in the multiplescattering and multiple reflection process, the spectrum of the so caused stray radiation falling upon the detector possesses about the-same energy distribution as the spectrum of the radiation emitted from the source. Because of this relationship, the ratio of false energy radiation to selected energy radiation falling upon the detector when radiation of relatively short wavelength is directed thereto by the monochromator is very small, and in fact negligible for v'most practical purposes. However, in the long-Wavelength portion of the spectrum, the proportion Yof the false energy falling upon thedetector ris considerable. In

Fig. 3, curve B represents graphically the manner in which the percentage of false energy in the total radiation falling upon the detector varies with the wavelength of the selected radiation. From this curve, it will be noted that the percentage of the radiation falling upon the detector which is false energy begins to be appreciable at about 6 to 8p and rises rapidly above about 9-10y, exceeding 10% of the total energy at p.

The curves'repr'esented in Fig. 3 apply when the distribution of radiant energy is of the character indicated by curve A and the sensitivity of the photo-detector employed and also the reilection and transmission coeicients of various optical elements employed in the spectrophotometer are substantially uniform over the range of wavelengths in question. More accurately, curve A actually represents the products of the intensity of the source and the sensitivity of the detector and the transmission and reection coecients of those optical elements at each wavelength. It will be apparent that false energy effects may occur under other conditions.

For example, it is apparent that a false energy d curve having vthe same shape as curve B would result if a radiation source having substantially uniform distribution of energy were available and employed but the radiation detector had a sensitivity versus wavelength response characteristic represented by curve A. Though the origin of the stray energy effects may vary according to conditions, these effects may be minimized in accordance with the principles of thissinvention. i

In this spectrophotometer, the effects of such stray radiation are minimized throughout the entire spectral range of the instrument, by means of a compound shutter mechanism 86 of Fig. 1 which comprises two shutter means which are selectively operable to periodically interrupt the now of radiation through the spectrophotometer. This shutter mechanism includes a rst shutter 88 comprising a semi-transparent, or filter, sector 89 and a second shutter 99 comprising an opaque sector 9|` as will` be later described in greater detail. As will be seen hereinafter, the rst shutter 88 rotates alone as a first shutter means andthe two shutters 88 and 9|]A rotate together asa4 second shuttermeans for interrupting the beam. Y,

. .The opaque sector 9| is adapted to cut off the transmission of radiation from the source completely throughout the entire wavelength range of the instrument, when it is interposed in the path of the beam. Y Y

The semi-transparent sector 39 is in the form of a light, or radiation, lter having a cut-off at about thepwavelength at which the precentage of stray radiation detected isno longer negligible, this sector being substantially completely trans- .parent vin the short-wavelength portion of the rock-salt region and substantially opaque in the long-wavelength portion of the rock-salt region. ,The semi-transparent sector 89 is therefore adapted to cut off radiationin the long-wavelength portion of the spectrum when it is interposed in the path of the beam, without interfering greatly with the transmission of radiation in thevshort-wavelength portionA of the spectrum. In practice, the intensity ofthe radiation in thev short-wavelength portion of the spectrum is reduced a little by the semi-transparent sector 89 because of the reflection of some of the short-wavelength radiation from the -surfaces'of ths'sector. A filter having a suitable characteristic may be composed of glass having a spectral transmission characteristic such as that represented in curve C of Fig. 3. AThis particular lter has a relatively sharp cut-off at about 7c and has a high transmission coecient of about 99% below about es and a very low transmission coefficient usually less than about 1%, above about 9c. Reflection losses in the shortfwavelength region may be reduced by use of anti-reflecting coatings or otherwise compensated for as more fully explained hereinbeow. Y

In the present design, the semi-transparent shutter sector v89 is mounted directly upon 'a shaft 93 driven by asynchronous motor 95 and the opaque shutter sector 9| is arranged upon the shaft 93 so that it may be Vselectively registered with the first sector 89, so asl to rotate with it only when operatively engaged therewith by means of a clutching mechanism 91 or so that it may be held .stationaryfin an inoperative position when it isdisengag'ed from the first sector by release ofy the clutching mechanism.v A third manually-controllable operating rod 98, which extends through the wall of the source compartment 20, is used for manipulating the clutching mechanism 91. Y

The shaft 93 is arranged adjacent the source l2 and parallel to the path 25 so that when the two sectors are disengaged, the sector 89 of the first shutter 88r alone interrupts the beam at regular intervals, thus periodically varying the rate of flow of radiation at a predetermined fre-v quency in only the long-wavelength portion of the spectrum, while at the same time the intensity of short-Wavelength radiation falling thereon remains substantially constant. On the other hand, when the clutchis engaged so that the two sectors rotate in register, they constitute a second shutter means which periodically varies the flow of radiation of all wavelengths from the source to the detector.

In this specication where reference is made to substantial constancy of intensity of false energy, it is to be understood that the meaning intended connotes that the intensity of suchv energy does not vary substantially at the fundamental frequency at which the selected radiation varies. i' 1 In order to obtain a series of spectral meas-x urements throughout the entire region of the spectrum, which is free of false energy effects,y the spectrum is scanned by slowly rotating the Littrow mirror 50 so as 'to sweep the spectrum past the exit slit 60, thus causing energy of different selected wavelengths to be focused upon the radiation detector successively. The two shutter sectors 89 and 9| areV engaged while the short-wavelength portion of the spectrum is being scanned, and the resultant periodic variation in intensity of radiation falling upon the detector is measured. This periodic variation in intensity is a measure of the amount Vof selected short-wavelength radiation being-transmitted to the detector, because in this portion of the spectrum the quantity of false energy radiation also falling upon the detector Vis negligible.

When scanning the long-wavelength portion of the spectrum, the shutters 88 and 9U `are disengaged so that at this time only the semi-transparent sector 89 interrupts the beam, thus causing the intensity of radiation falling upon the ldetector to vary periodically in proportion only to the intensity of the radiation of Selected long wavelength being directed thereto,V since' the flow of false energy radiation to the detector at this time is substantially constant while the flow of long-Wavelength radiation is periodically interrupted. Under these conditions, the variation in intensity of radiation falling upon the detector at each Wavelength is measured to give an indication of the intensity of the selected radiation alone throughout the entire spectrum, free of any of the detrimental eiects ordinarily arising from the presence of stray radiation.

It will be evident that the invention can be applied wherever apparent stray radiation is troublesome and it is possible to provide lters which can preferentially attenuate the selected radiation in a distinctive manner from the stray radiation and which can be incorporated into a beam-interrupting shutter mechanism. This istrue regardless,` of the wavelengths and intensities'of the selected and stray radiation and of the manner of transmission of the stray radiation `from the source to the detector.

Operation in general A chemical mixture containing a plurality of chemically different components is readily analyzed by utilizing such measurements in the long- Wavelength range either alone or in combination with measurements in the short-wavelength range of the instrument. According to one method of the present invention, a sample of the mixture and samples of each of the pure components are successively disposed in the path of the radiation transmitted from the source to the detector. If liquid or solid samples are being tested, they are'inserted in the portion of the path in the liquid-sample test region where the beam is collimated. 'If gas samples are being tested, they are usually inserted in the gassample test region in an uncollimated portion of the beam. In any case, a seriesof measurements at diierent wavelengths is made on each of the samples to determine the quantity of radiation transmitted. through each of the respective samples at each of the wavelengths in question by the processes hereinabove described. The intensities of such radiation transmitted to the detector may also be determined with pno. sample whatever disposed in the path of the beam, in order to determine the proportion of such radiation absorbed by each of the samples at the respective wavelengths. The data so obtained for the mixture and for the components are then analyzed mathematically in order to determine the proportion of each component present in the mixture. The details of such a computation for a simple case may be illustrated as follows:

Suppose that a two-component liquid mixture is to be analyzed containing liquid components A and B. Suppose further, in order to simplify thev illustration, that these components are of such nature that when they mix, the partialV volume of each in the mixture is the same as the volume that each component would occupy alone in the pure state. And suppose further, that Beer's law holds for mixtures of these components, that is, that each component absorbs radiation only in accordance with the quantity of that component present and in proportie to an exponential function of the amount of that component present in a given volume. Suppose also that each of these components absorbs a substantial amount of radiation in the long-wavelength region of the spectrum, say at 13o, but that their absorption coemcients are diierent, Then the 1'2 intensity of radiation transmitted through the mixture at 13M is related to the intensityofradiation transmitted through equal volumes of the components at 13o, in accordancewith the fol'- lowing relationship:

where Tm=transmission coeicient of radiation through measured length of the mixture at 13a; p Ta=transmission coefcient of Vradiation trans,-

mitted through an equal length of component A at 13M;

Tb=transmission coeioient of radiation transmitted through an equal length of component B at 13o;

Xa=fraction of component A in the mixture ;Y and Xb=raction of component B in themixture.

In the above tabulation the transmission co.- ecients are given as the ratio of the intensityof the radiation which is transmitted through the sample compared to the intensity of radiation transmitted to the detector `with no sample pres.- ent at the wavelength in question. Because ofthe partial volume lawV in this instance, anotherA relationship holds, namely:

Equations 1 and 2 may be solved simultaneously for the proportions of the components A and B present in the mixture, having ,at handthe measurements of the proportions of the radiation transmitted through the mixture and throughthe individual components at 13o.

In ordinary methods of spectrometry, the computation of the composition `of the mixture is complicated by the fact. that the'intensity of radiation cannot be directly measured because :of the presence of stray radiation. However, in making analyses of lmixtures in .accordanceI with the presentinvention, this -dimculty is overcome by varying the intensity ofi-radiation striking the detector in proportion only to the quantity. of the selected radiation of predetermined wavelengths transmitted thereto and measuringonly this variation.

It is to be noted that in the example ofspectro-chemical analysis given above, a two component mixture can be analyzed by measurements made at only one wavelength. Similarly, a mixture having N components may'befanalyzed by making measurements at N--l wavelengths, if the law of partial volume and Beers law `referred to are obeyed. In the event that variations from these laws are present, additional measurements may be required such as measurements at additional wavelengths, in order to accomplish the desired analysis. In any event, it'is to`be understood that the method of analyzing chemical mixtures, may be varied in many diierent Ways according to circumstances while still utilizing the principles of this invention and 4that the method is equally applicable-to solid and'gaseous samples as well as liquid samples.

vElectrical circuits In order to measure the intensity of radiation of a selected wavelength fallingupon thel radiation detector I4, the output of the detector I4` is preferably applied to an amplifying unit ,IDD which discriminates between the D. C. component of the detector output and the pulsating component therein. This discrimination mayv beobtained most readily by connecting the detector I4 in the input of the amplifying unit through a coupling condenser In practice this coupling condenser is mounted within the compartment 22 adjacent the detector |4 together with the various electrical circuits represented by the symbol |0|a associated with the detector. Such circuits include power supplies, transformers, and like elements.

In practice the amplifying unit |00 is designed to be selectively responsive to input signals having the same frequency as the frequency of beam interruption. This amplifying unit may comprise, for example, a tuned alternating-current ampliner |02, an attenuator |03, a rejection filter |04 and a second tuned alternating-current amplifier connected in tandem.

The amplier |02 serves to increase the strength of the signal immediately. The attenuator |03 is connected in the output of the amplifier and is variable so that it may serve to reduce the strength of the amplified signal to any desired level. The rejection filter |04 is preferably of a type which suppresses signals of any particular undesired frequency that may be present, such as signals picked up from a neighboring power line. Normally power-line frequency is 60 cycles and in this case the rejection filter desirably has an absorption peak at 60 cycles. The second alternating-current amplifier |05 is connected in the output of the rejection filter. Inasmuch as these amplifiers amplify only the varying component of the current or voltage generated by the detector in response to the radiation falling thereon, they produce at the output an approximately sinusoidally-varying alternating-current signal having the same frequency as the beam-interruption frequency. This signal has an amplitude proportional to the intensity of selected radiation focused upon the detector, even though large proportions of non-interrupted false energy radiation from various sources may be falling on the photo-detector.

The amplified voltage appearing at the output of the amplifying unit |00, is then rectied by means of a full-wave mechanical rectifier |08 operated in synchronism with the shutter mech- Vanism 86 to produce a unidirectional current which is then impressed upon the input of a variable period-control circuit |0. In effect, the over-all amplification factor of the entire amplifying means including both the amplifier unit |00 and the variable-period control circuit I0, is periodically reversed in sign by this rectifier at the frequency of beam interruption. The directcurrent signal appearing at the output of the variable period-control circuit I0, may be selectively impressed upon an indicating circuit' H2, or upon an automatic recorder I4 by manipulation of a two-pole double-throw selector switch ||6.

Rectifier Considering the rectifier |08 in more detail and referring particularly to Figs. 2 and 5 in addition to Fig. l, it will be noted that the rectifier |08 is provided with two pairs of contacts HB and |20 which are opened and closed alternately by means of a cam |22 in the form of an eccentric disk` mounted upon a motor shaft |24 attached to the shutter shaft 93 by means of a phase-adjusting coupling |26. The alternating-current amplifier |05 preferably has a balanced push-pull output having a central output terminal |21 and two .0ppositely phased upper and lower output terminals |28 and |29 respectively. The two pairs of contats ||8 and |20 areV connected between .the

14 respective outer terminals |28 and |29 and the upper input'terminal |3| of the variable -periodcontrol circuit |0. The central output terminal |21 of the alternating-current amplifiergis con-V nected to the lower input terminal |32 of thev variable period-control circuit. With this arrangement, full-wave rectification of the output of the alternating-current amplifier |05 is attained, and the double series of rectified pulses is applied to the variable period-control circuit.

For optimum results, the opening and closing of the two pairs of contacts ||8 and |20 is synchronized with the operation of the shutter structure 86, taking account of phase changes in thev By phasing the operation of the mechanicalv rectifier in the manner described, the signal-tonoise ratio attains the maximum value of which it is capable with the circuit elements involved.

With the adjustment described, the rectifier responds only to odd harmonics of the shaftspeed frequency. The latter may conveniently be an even submultiple of the A. C. line frequency,v thus giving a marked degree of discrimination against frequency components at harmonicsvof the A. C. power-line frequency which may beintroduced from the power supply into the amplifier either by magnetic pick-up from stray fields or by microphonic elements in the circuit responding to vibration from electrical machinery and the like. A further advantage of the rnechanical rectifier is the linearity of its response even at low signal levels, in which respect it is considerably superior to conventional electronic rectifiers.

It is to be observedthat the over-al1 amplification factor, or gain, of the entire amplifying system, including the amplifying means |00 and the rectifier |08 but not the period-control circuit ||0, is varied periodically by reversingk the sign of this amplification factor and full-wave rectification is obtained. The amplication factor referred to is the algebraic ratio of the output to the input. If desired, the amplifier gain could be periodically varied by the use of only a single-contact rectifier instead of a double-contact mechanical rectifier, in which event halfwave rectification would :be obtained and some of the advantages of the invention retained.

While the invention may be practiced by periodically varying the amplifier gain in some other manner as well, the use of a double-contact rectifier of the type described has been found to be particularly effective.

Variable period-control circuit ways tc provide under-damped, critically-damped george-ga or over-damped response. Its response periodyisu defined in the conventional manner asthe time inseconds` required ier the instrument toconr-l pleteU one cycleof` oscillation, following the abrupt introduction of a suitable quantity or electricity, when completely undamrped. Theperiod isusually fixed within narrow limitsby'the design-and' construction of the galvanometer.

Wehave provided, in` this invention-.means by which both tlie-eilectivel periodlandlthe damping of the indicating device used may be conveniently variedoverwide limits and'quite independentl topermit the selection o-f'a response characteristic best suited'to aparticular type oi operation, Whether, forex-ample, it be for rapid scanning of the'speotrum or for maximum resolution `of a singleWavelength region.

'Ifhe variable period-control circuit ll, useful in thisconneotion, is'shown in detail Fig. 2. lt includesa1-cathode-loaded triode 5 havin-g? a grounded cathode resistor i3@ in its outputv and twostages` of'resistance-capacitance filter in its input. The-tWo-ganged variable resistors I 38! and ISSt-offthese filters are connected infseries, in the order named, between the upper input terminal I3I- andthe signal grid Iili of the triode. The coi'idenserl I lil of the first lter section is connectedltola point between these two resistors and to al sliding Contact HitA on the cathode resistor The condenser'v IM o' the second filter stage is connected between the signal grid llll and ground |45. Y Theimpedancesof the resistor ISS and the condenserr IM are in the same proportion, but sufficiently greater than those oi the respective elements-AISzraud {d2-'of the first section of the frlter'that the sccnd section does not present such a loadto.l the ist sectionY as would appreciably alter itsrequency-response function. ln practice,V a factor of five or more is-ladequate-for this purpose;

Thelower input-terminal |32 is connected to ground |45. through sliding contact of' a variable rheostat at |41', having abattery Ilconnectedv across itsterminals. maybe adjusted to produce zero voltage at the output of the variable period-control circuit when no alternating-current signal appears at the outputrof the amplier unit. ofrthisicircuitis taken across two terminals, the upper termina1l |50' of which is connected to the cathode endiof the resistor I and the lower terminal |5| of which is. connected to the groundedendiof this resistor through the zeroinggzrheostat |47' and aV record-marking resistor Oneof. the advantages of this circuit resides in the fact that simultaneous and proportioned variation, of the impedance of resistors |38 and |39, or alternatively of capacitors Ill-2 and |44, causes` the electivehigh-irequency cut-oli point of theentire period-control circuit II Uf-to change without substantially afiectingthe damping exhibited by an indicating device connected across its output. Which signals are attenuated may adjusted without affecting the over-all sensitivity of the amplifying means to the signals desired. Thus, this :arrangement permits reduction of any highfrequency noiseimpressed upon the input of the variable. period-control circuit Without affecting sensitivity to slow changes as the `spectrum is scanned. In practice, they cut-off frequency of the iilter` is estbalished at av pointconsiderably below-- the; frequency of; beam interruption, so that. appreciable: uctuations; at` this; frequency This contact I 451 The Output Also, ther frequency above- I6 or important harmonics thereof llo-not1appearin-- the output.

Fori purposes,` oflater illustration, it will. be assumed that noi-mallyv the resistors I-381and |39 have three values corresponding tolong,A medi-- um and short periods (i. e., low, mediuimandi high-frequency cuteois respectively). Afll' of. these periods are relatively long compared/to the. interval between successi-ve interruptions-of the beam.

A further important advantage of the variable period-control circuit. isv thatl thel eiectiv'erdamping oftheresponse to` a change ot-inpu-t si'gnal applied .acrossy terminals |34 andv |32 may bel alteredby adjusting tlieposition ofi contact.. |63 on load resistor I36f,ironi astrongl'y over-- damped through a critically-damped, to'` Va strongly underedamped' condition. A partial compensa-tion for: possible undesirable charac-- teristics of an'indicating or recording devicefcon nected to the'outputterminals, and selection of an optimum response behavior: isL thus provided;

Measurements of i selected.' wavelengths,

It; has.v been, indicated above that the output of the amplifier means may be Vmeasuredfat individual. wavelengths. or: may vbe automaticallyV recorded over wide range ofV wavelengths,- ,by connecting either the indicator; circuit 4I I 2- orthe recorder lid to., the output of the amplier means; Considering rst theY arrangement' for measuring theintensity of radiation at; selected wavelengths; when selected radiation ofi apres determinedk Wavelength is: falling upon. theV de tector Ill, the two-pole double-throw switch H6 is moved to itsv upper position wherein the in dicatingy circuit |.|2 is: connected in theoutput` of the amplifiermeans. Thisindicator circuit` I I2 includes aY sensitivev galvanometei`- |511, whichmay be, selectively. connected, by means of a' three-pole switch |55., tothenegative endvof a" balancing potentiometer L56: or4 to a" slidingv contact Ifl'of; thisg potentiometer or to 'a'xed point of a voltage-divider |59, the potentiometer and thevoltage divider being connected in parallel across a source.` IGUof regulated direct-current. voltage.

To illustrate the use-0f this :indicating Circuit; consider a casein which it is desired to measure the transmission coeincient of'asample atsome Wavelength inA the longfwavelength portion of the range of the instrument, suchas 13a. n First, While the radiation traveling fromthe source |12 to the detector Illlis intercepted by means of an opaque lter on the slidetF of Fig, 6r', the' zeroing rheostat I4?y isI adjusted tonullifyv the current inthe outputof theV period-control circuit I .I Il, this being,` done. with the switch |55; conneoted to the negative end of the potentiometer: |56. Then while anv empty or solvent-lled sample cell is located in the beam, the rotatable Littrow mirror Elissset at a'position correspondingto 13p andth-egalvanometer l'dis-.conne'ct-e ed to the voltagehdivider |591. The instrumentv isthen adjusted to bring thereadin'g ofA the galvanozneter` |554` to' tliezero-currentV point; This' is` accomplished *eithervv byadjustment" off the-attenuator ||l3- or by adjustmentof the-slits`v 46, @ein the monochromator I8 or both.` When' the output lof theamplier meanshas thus balanced, it is known that the signal appearing at the output equals` thatv correspondingto-the voltage supplied by the voltage divider |595 The meter |54-is then connected -t'o the slidingl contact-i |51- of thepotentiometer IEE and the" potentiometer adjusted to the point where the output of the amplier means is balanced. The resistance of the potentiometer in the galvanometer circuit is measured or read from a calibrated scale associated with the potentiometer. Thereupon, a sample to be tested is inserted in the path of the beam. The potentiometer |56 is then balanced again against the output of the amplifier means, and the resistance of the potentiometer in the galvanometer circuit is again determined. The transmission coenicient of the sample may be calculated by dividing the resistance of the potentiometer included in the output circuit under the two conditions. It is to be noted that by utilizing the semi-transparent shutter in the manner hereinbefore described, the transmission coeflicient thus calculated is not rendered inaccurate bv the presence of any false energy radiation at the detector.

In practice, according to the present invention, the calculation of the transmission coeicient is made directly by means of a dial that operates the sliding contact |51 of the potentiometer |56 as illustrated schematically in Fig. 4. The potentiomenter |56 is wound on the arc of a circle and the dial IBI. which moves the sliding contact |51 relative to the resistive Winding, rotates about the center of this circle. The dial is so calibrated that when the sliding contact is at the negative end of the potentiometer, the zero point on the dial |6| is located directly beneath an indicating pointer |62 and when the sliding contact is positioned at a point on the potentiometer to produce a voltage eoual to that applied by the voltage divider |59, a 100% mark on the dial is located directly beneath the indicating pointer. Assuming a linear wound resistance. the dial is calibrated in equal steps accordingly.

Furthermore, a second scale, not shown, may be provided on dial |6| on which the result may be read directly in optical density, which is defined as the logarithm of the reciprocal of the fractional transmission. This scale is convenient in practice because its reading is proportional to the concentration of any absorbing substance which follows Beers law.

With this arrangement, once the sensitivity of the spectrophotometer is set to the point where the output of the amplier means is balanced against the voltage supplied by the voltage divider |59. it is only necessary subseouently to balance the output of the amplifier means with the potentiometer with a sample in place and to read the percentage transmission of the sample directly upon the dial.

When making the adjustment referred to, the variable period-control circuit is manipulated to achieve the balancing action in a minimum time consistent with the accuracy desired. More particularly, the variable period-control circuit may be set at a short-period position during the initial stage of a balancing operation and at the long-period point in the final stage of a balancing operation. Thus, during the initial stage of balancing, the meter |54 responds to noise considerably, so that it fluctuates rapidly about the balance point. But because of the short time constant of the indicating circuit during this stage, the meter seeks its balance point rapidly, so that the apparatus may be manipulated rapidly to reach that balance point. In the latter stage of balancing the metering circuit has a long response period thus cutting out much of the higher frequency noise and permitting the pointer of the meter to remain relatively steady.

18 During this stage of the operation, small slow adjustments may be made in the instrument to bring it to the proper balance point, thus permitting that balance point to be readily observed without being obscured by excessive noise.

Scanning and recording apparatus, in general In order to scan the spectrum over an extended range and to obtain a continuous record of the spectrum over that range, the Littrow mirror 56 is rotated continuously over angles corresponding to that range by means of a linkage |65 (see Fig. 1) operated from a spiral cam |65 which is in turn driven by a synchronous motorl |68, through a connecting gear train |69, as` more fully described hereinbelow. The drivingY coil |10 of a recording pen |12 in the recorder I4 is connected to the output of the amplifier means by setting the two-pole double-throw switch ||6in its lower position.` A record strip |14 is drawn beneath the pen at a constant rate by means of a second synchronous motor |16. In practice, the wavelength drive motor |68 is energized first and the recorder motor |16 is subseouently energized at the time when the mirror 50 is brought to a position corresponding to some predetermined wavelength at which it is desired to begin the recording.

The use of two synchronous motors, one for driving the scanning system in the monochromator I8 and onefor driving the record strip |14 in the recorder |4, facilitates v'the coordination of measurements at various wavelengths in the recorded spectograms of different samples. This coordination is furthered by producing a series of marks onV the spectogram or recording strip simultaneously with its recording at positions corresponding to predetermined wavelength set'- tings of the Littrow mirror 50. This is achieved, for example, by periodic insertion of marking signals in the output of the amplifier means synchronouslv with the scanning of the spectrum. Such marking signals are created in the present instance bv periodically inserting a voltage from a battery |11 (Fig. 2) in the output of the periodcontrol circuit I0 by periodically closing a switch |18 (Figs. 1 and 2) with a notched cam |80 (Fig. 1) driven by the scanning motor |68.

With this arrangement small pips are added to the record at regular intervals during the recording. Since the positions of these pips correspond to predetermined positions of the spiral cam |66, they likewise correspond to predetermined Wavelength settings of the Littrow mirror 50 and may. therefore. be readily used to facilitate the interpretation of individual spectrograms or the coordination of a series of spectrograms.

During a recording, the period-control vcircuit may be set at its long-period position to attenuate noise, thus minimizing the widening of the record line by random fluctuations in the output signal. The value of the period selected should be short compared to the time rate of percentage change of radiation intensity as. the spectrum is scanned, but otherwise as ylong aspossible to facilitate accurate recording. When the spectrum is scanned slowly a long period setting should be used and when scanning rapidly ya short period setting may be used to produce a comparable record.

Source regulation In order further to stabilize the operation Yof the spectrophotometer and further to attain accuracy in results, the intensity of the radiation remitted "from `fthe :source i12 isfregulated :in :acicoifdancegwith fthe intensity fof radiation appear- .ingrinialportion of:its;spjectrum. .To achieve this i-result,':.a"variable impedance 11'82 .is icoupled "by transformer `[35 betweenthe source I2 andthe power supply line from which the source l2 is energized. This kimpedance'is varied as an :inverse function .of .-the .intensity Yor .radiation .emitted .from .the source, .so that. an increase in theintensityof :such .-radiationcauses a reduction .in f,the .amount Aof .electrical l.power .supplied to the source .l2 -andza decrease inthe intensity of .such radiation .causes .an increase in `the amount of-electrical power -supplied to the-.source -witli .the .result :that .-therintensity-.of .radiation emitted .is :stabilized -.ln-,.the present .instance :this is achieved -read- .ily .by .means 'of a nphotoelectric .cell i184 posi- .tioned to 1detect radiation in .the .relatively inl.tense,ref gion-of radiation emitted from the-source Such -a cell may Vbe of the type -having .its maximum :response at about 0.8M. The voltage --routput iof the photoelcctric vcell .iSd-.is applied .to the input of -an amplier -I-SG Whose output impedance varies -inversely fas the voltage sup- .plied :to the input. The -output impedance of A.this -amplier -is reflected into the ,power line in series with the source l2 by means-of a Vtrans- -former |85 :to attain the fdesiredstabilization.

'-I-o iur-ther increase the --accuracy 10i "the Vspectrophotometer, the walls 'of Athe various com-- partm'ents .are liquid-cooledby means of liquid (circulating through 'coils (not shown) from a montant-temperature source. :Also,f`to protect the roc-k salt :optical :elements from fdamage due to :moisture vsin Athe air, suitable V"desiccators are placed latuzariousxpoints in `Z.the respective 'compartments vFrom tha-foregoing description, it will be apparent that' va `.spectrophotometer Ahas been provided :in accordance with .the present invention which achieves a -high degree of vaccuracy throughout its entire Wavelength range `and its 'entire 'intensity range. y

Considering .now the preferred construction and detailed :arrangement of Various parts 'of the spectrometer, reference is further made to Figs. 5 to 110, inclusive, Which villustrate various "features Aof 'the apparatus 'included in the source compartment.

SourcaCompartment IThe sourceor'lamp compartment .20 comprises an linnerwall structure 20L in` one cornerthereof, which donnes a .chamber Within which the light source l2 itself and the associated regulating photoelectric tube .|84 are mounted. This compartment ,20 also comprises a wall structure 202 forming a totally-enclosed auxiliary gastest cell comprising the auxiliary gas-sample region `I5 and having'an .entrance window 20d 'adjacent the light source l2 and an exit window 205 opposite the exit aperture 32 of this compartment 20. The concave mirror 28 .is supported within this cell at the end-thereof remote from the entrance and exit Windows 204 and 205 in order to establish a long path over which radiation -must travel within theA cell between the two windows. The concave mirror 28 is adjustably inclined to the main beam path 25 in order to facilitate reiection of .radiation from the sourcev l2 along that path accurately. The entrance Window is closed by an loptically flat .plate .209 composed of rock fsal-t,W-h-ich is transparent to .radiation within .the range 0i operation desired. ,The .exit-Window 205 preferably carries `the negative lens 30 in the form of a plano'- concave lens vcomposed of like material and which has such a focal length .that .theradiation Vemerg- .ing from .the cellis 'collimated as a parallel ray beam.

With this arrangement, radiation diverging from the Vsource l 2 passes through an .exit window 2| I inthe-wall which encloses the source, vthence normally through the plate 2.09 in .the Ventrance window .-204 to `the concave mirror -28 -which serves vto reilect the radiation along vthe desired 'pathZ and-,to .bringit to a virtual vfocus on Vthe far side of the exit Window .205. .The reiiected radiationconvergin'g upon thezexit -window is icollimated by the lens -to produce the .desired plane beam.

.Shutter mechanism The lcompound shutter mechanism 8% is Varranged within the compartment "20 -so that its sectors may intercept the beam as they rotate, e. .g., these sectors may ybe interposed lbetween the exit window 2H and theplate 209. VThe first shuttert, which comprises the semi-transparent or filter sector 89, is in the form of a wheel'lZ (Figs. 7 and 9) mounted directly upon 'the end of the shaft S3 which in turn is supported in a 'The ilter sector S9 is'of semi-annular shape .cov-

ering ".ofv the wheel area and is supported at its ends vbythe vdian'letricallyopposite spokes 2LH and 220 kand 'at 'its inner and .outer edges b y the hub v22.! and .the ring222 respectively. The shutter. is so proportioned Ythat the openings between the lspokes provide 'Windows through which the eamis projected from vthesource to the concave mirror 28 as the'shutter' rotates With theshaft 9.3, .the dimensions being determined by considerations .described hereinafter. By (properly ,pro- ,portioning .the dimensions of the .spokes and their windows in relation to the area and. reection coeflicient of the lter 89, detrimental .eiects of false energy radiation may beminimized as hereinbelow fully explained.

While the particular shutter .83 just described in detail serves to minimize ellects ofialse .energy radiation very effectively., other .types Yof shutter .structures may also be used for thispurpose. For example, residual .detrimental effects dueto reection of energy having wavelengths .of false energy .at the surfaces of the lter sector 89 may be reduced considerably :by applying .coatings or layers of anti-reilecting-coating material of suitable .thick-ness to these surfaces. Suche material, for example, .might comprise magnesium uoride. .As is wellknown, .the thickness -of such a vlayer (tak-ing due account-oi the .index of refraction) .isideally .one-fourth-of the wavelength .of the radiation which .it -is desired to ltransmit Without .reflection and the proper-ty of reducing reilection-lossesextends over a band on both sides of that wavelength. .In -the present instance, optimumresults may be achieved by applying a -coating .havinga-wavelength .which is about one- .fourth-of .the wavelength at -W-hich the maximum intensity .of :radiation-occurs in the source.

2l 'In another alternative. method of minimizing the effects of false energy radiation, the shutter 88 may `be constructed with two substantially semi-circular' elements, one ofsaid elements being composed of a material, such as glass, adapted to attenuate selected radiation and to transmit false energy radiation, the other element being composed of a material, such as rock salt or potassium bromide or tellurium iodide,adapted to transmit both selected radiation and false energy radiation Without substantial attenuation. In 'this case, the reection losses at the' surfaces of the'rst element are equalized by those at the surfaces of the second element. In. a shutter using 'two' such elements,Y two -diametrically opi* posed spokes maybe included between the'two elements'fin order to provide a shutter structure vof suicient strength.

-two-element shutter of the type described, rock salt being used as the filter element to attenuate the selected long-wavelength radiation and potassium bromide being used as the element which transmits both the selected radiation and the short-wavelength false energy radiation.

' From the foregoing discussion', it is'clear that the first shutter 88 may be constructed in many diierent ways to achieve theadvantages of our invention, and that our invention may be applied in' many dierent wavelength ranges by proper selection of materials for the shutter elements.

The second shutter 98 comprises the opaque sector 9| which may be a semi-annular sector supported upon a hub 223 which isv journalled on the shaft 93 in the space between the upright member 2 I6 and the shutter wheel 2 l2. The outer cylindrical surface 225 of this hub'223 is frictionally engaged by a felt pad 226 urged toward this surface lby a comp-ressed helical spring 227, the felt pad 22B andthe spring 221 being arranged within a bore 228 in a horizontal member 230 eX- tending transversely from the upright member 2 IS towards the shutters.

The hub 223 of the second shutter is provided Iwith a countersunk bore 232 extending therethrough' in a direction parallel to the shaft 93.

the enlarged portion of the bore being on the side of the hub remote from the shutters. A clutching and registering pin 234, having a head 235 thereon between the hub 223 and the upright member 2|S, is normally urged along this bore toward the Wheel hub 22| by means of a helical spring 236 compressed between a collar 238 on the pin'and a threaded ring plug 239 screwed into the hub 223 at the outer side Vof the enlarged portion of the bore 232.

The clutching and registering action of this pin 234 is accomplished with the cooperation of a U-shaped spring 24| best shown in Fig. 9. The arms of this spring are radially arranged upon the Wheel hub 22| adjacent the hub 223, the arm of the spring at the trailing side thereof being rigidly secured to the Wheel hub 22|. With this arrangement, when thev pin 234 is withdrawn, it

disengages the leading arm of the spring 24|.

The secondY shutter 90 and its opaque sector 9| are then held stationary by the felt pad 22B even though the first shutter 88 continues to rotate. However, `when the pinV is moved into its home position during the rotation of the first shutter 88, the leading arm of the U-shaped spring 24| engages the end of the pin 234 and 22 pushes the second shutter. around with the rst shutter. The'pin 234 is held snug lagainst the leading yarm of the spring 24| by means of the frictional drag of the felt pad 226 upon the hub 223 of the second shutter.

` :The engagement and disengagement of the two 'shutters isy accomplished by means of a pivoted clutching arm 242 whichis movablebetween extreme positions determined by adjustable limit stops 244a and 2441i. This movement is accomplished by means of a link 243 pivoted Vtothe clutching arm 242 and controlled by meansof -the yoperating rod 98 operatively connected to the link.

This clutching arm 242 is held tightly in either of the extreme positions by means of a toggle mechanism 245 comprising a barrel 246 pivotally supported, on a short upright member 241. A plunger 248 operates in the barrel and is normally urged outwardly by a helical spring 249 enclosed in the barrel 246 to force a pin 250 on the end of the plunger against the wall of; a hemispherical recess at the lower end of the clutching arm 242. This toggle mechanism 245 serves to push and hold the clutching arm 242 against one limit stop 244a or theV other 24412 according to which side of its neutral position the clutching arm 242 is moved. One stop-24411, is so positioned thatthe clutching arm Y242 is completely removed from the pin 234 Yso as to permit the two-shutters to rotate together vWithout interference from the clutching arm when the pin 224 its home position. The other stop 244D is so positioned that the head 235 of the pin is guided to engage a shoulder 252 on the clutching armpin the other position as follows: When the clutching arm is moved from the first stop 244e to the second stop 24417 while the shutters are rotating together, the head 235 of the pin engages an'inclined surface 253 of the nger 254 and rides therealong to the shoulder 252, thus withdrawing and disengaging the pin 234 from the clutching spring 24|.v Upon such disengagement, the second shutter is held stationary in such a position that its shutter sector 9| is withdrawn from the beam, so that the beam is thereafter interrupted periodically only by the first shutter 88.

Conversely when the clutching arm 242 is moved from the second stop 244D to` the .rst stop 244a during the rotation of the shaft 93, the pin 234 is released by the clutching arm and its end forced by the spring 23B against the hub 22| of the irst shutter 38, whereupon it becomes engaged by the clutching spring 24| during the rotation of the first shutter thereby picking up the second shutter and rotating it withthe first shutter 88. In practice, the clutching spring 24| is located upon the rst shutter 88 in such a position in relationship with the location of the pin 234 on the second shutter 90, that when the two shutters are engaged, the sector 9| of the second shutter lies directly over the lter sector 89 of the rst shutter. In effect, the two sectors then operate together as one opaque sector and the two shutters comprise a second shutter means which periodically intercepts the entire beam.

The synchronous motor which drives the compound shutter 86 is mounted within a sepa'- rate and externally-opening chamber defined by suitable wall structure 256 (Figr). The `motor shaft |24 is-journalled -in this wall structure and is connectedvto the shutter shaft93 by means of the angularly adjustable coupling |26. Theradjustable coupling includes two coupling members 258 and 259lywhich arerigidly secured to the re- -Jspe'ctive shafts 93 .and |24 by means `of set screws '26| and 262, as indicated in Fig. 10. One of the coupling members 258 includes a cylindrical recess 2|:3k into which a hub 264 on the other coupling member 259 is inserted to enable the 'two Acoupling members to be rigidly secured together 'by means of a set screw 265. With this coupling |26, vthe opening 'and closing of the'switch con- .lta'cts .l |'8 and v|20 may be time-phased with the Yrotation of the shutter by relative `angular ad- 'justment of the two coupling members .2158 '.and`259.

Referring to Fig. 5, it is to be noted vthat 'the rectier |08 includes a cross-member 265 which iis suitably .supported fromthe wall of the compartment and in a horizontal position above the 'motor lshaft |24 and transversely thereof. Two fstationary arms 261 and 268 depend from this cross-member intermediate its ends and two pivoted 'arms 269 and 210 of channel cross-section depend from the outer ends thereof. The latter larms carry insulating lingers 212 and 213 at the outer ends thereof which are urged against the periphery of the disk cam |22 by means of a @coil spring 215 adjustably attached to these two arms intermediate their respective ends. Ad- 'lustable stationary contacts 218 and 219 are arranged upon the two stationary arms 261 and "268 and two fixed contacts 28| and 232 are ar- "ranged upon the two outer arms 269 and 210. 'The two pairs of contacts ||8 and |20 thus provvided are adjusted so that each remains open 'and the other remains closed during alternate 'half rotations of the shaft |24. The contacts `20| and 282 on the two outer arms are connected to oppositely poled output terminals |23 and |29 of the alternating-current amplifier and the two contacts 218 and 219 on the intermediate arms are connected to the upper input terminal |3I of the variable period-control circuit as illustrated in Fig. 2.

Operation of periodic shutter mechanism Considering now in detail the operation of the .shutter arrangement illustrated in Figs. '7, 8, and 9, while the first shutter rotates alone, each of the spokes 2|8, 2|9 and 220 then intercepts the beam projected through the spectrophotometer once during each revolution. Each spoke inter-- cepts only about half the beam and thus reduces the intensity of the radiation to about half its maximum value in all portions of the spectrum at that time. Also, in each revolution, the filter sector 89 intercepts the beam and transmits substantially all short-wavelength radiation therethrough except for the losses due to reflection at the surfaces, while at the same time attenuating long-wavelength radiation Very highly. As a result, the total radiation intensity at the detector |4 varies periodically at the frequency of vshutter rotation, but is never shut off completely while selected radiation of long wavelengths is focused thereon. By suitably proportioning the areas of the spokes in relationship to the area and the degree of transparency of the filter sector to short-wavelength radiation, the average amount of short-wavelength radiation reaching the detector during each half rotation of the lshutter is the same, but the amounts of the longwavelength radiation reaching the detector are different As a result, the component of intensity variation at the detector having the same frequency as the frequency of beam interruption i's vof an amplitude proportional to the intensity of' the selected long-wavelength radiation being focused upon the detector. By measuringgonly this component, as hereinbefore mentioned, undesirable effects otherwise arising .from the presence of false energy radiation are eliminated.

The manner in which the intensity of radiation passing the shutter and reaching the detector varies with time during the rotation of the first shutter is illustrated diagrammatically in Figs. l1 and 12, the variations during two successive cycles of operation being illustrated. In Fig. 11, graph a represents the variation in the intensity of long-wavelength radiation transmitted past the shutter; and graph b represents the variation in the intensity of the Vshort-wavelength radiation transmitted past the shutter; and graph c represents the variation of intensity of the total radiation including both selected radiation and stray radiation actually reaching the detector I4. In these three graphs ordinates are indicated in percentage, in graph a representing the maximum intensity of longwavelength radiation, and in graph b the maximum intensity of stray radiation, and in graph c the maximum intensity of selected radiation striking the detector. Abscissae in these graphs represent time. and for convenience the time scale is indicated in degrees of angular rotation of the shutter. The instants of interception of the beam by the spokes 2 I8, 2|9, and 220 and the lter sector 89 are indicated in the drawing at the bottom of Fig. 11.

Referring to graph a itis to be noted that the intensity of the long-wavelength radiation is about zero when the filter sector intercepts the beam and falls to about 50% when one of the spokes intercepts the beam, and `reaches 100% when the beam is not intercepted by the filter sector or any of the spokes. Similarly, as illustrated in graph b, the intensity of short-wavelength radiation is 100% when the beam is not interrupted by the filter sector or the spokes and falls to about 90% when the lter sector intercepts the beam and to about 50% each time one of the spokes intercepts the beam. In graph c the combined effects of the variation of intensity of the selected radiation and the stray radiation is illustrated taking due account of the fact that the amount of stray radiation falling upon the detector is `only a small fraction of the selected radiation falling upon it.

Considering a casein which selectedmadiation of 13a is being directed to the detectorand taking due account of the fact that the amount of stray radiation striking the detector at the time "is about 5% of the amount of selected radiation striking it, it is to be 'noted that the total quantity of radiation striking the detector while the beam Vis not interrupted either by the filter-sector or the spokes is vabout of the intensity of the selected radiation alone and is about '5% of that intensity when the lter interrupts the beam. The total radiation intensity falls to about 50% when'the middle spoke 2|9 interrupts the beam and to about 21/2% at the time that the beam isinterrupted by the end spokes 2|8 and 22'0.

In Fig. 12 graph d represents the variation of the component of selected radiation striking vthe detector at the fundamental "frequency of 'beam interruption, the other components being unimportant because of the filtering characteristic of the amplifier |00 and synchronous rectifier |08 as previously described. Graph e represents the average flow of stray radiation to the detector taking into `account the fact that the variation of intensity of stray radiation `does not contain there is an alternating component of fundamental frequency superimposed upon an average flow of energy composed of two components I1 and I2 to the detector. The rst component I1 represents the average flow of selected radiation to the detector and the second component I2 represents the average flow of stray radiation to the detector. In view of the discrimination of the amplifying system against the average components, it is clear that the signal appearing at the output of the amplier |05 varies sinusoidally with an amplitude which is proportional to the amount of selected radiation reaching the detector.

It is. to be understood, of course, that the portions of selected radiation and stray radiation striking the detector at any time depends partly upon the wavelength of the selected radiation being directed to the detector at that time and also partly upon the absorption characteristic of any sample that is being analyzed. However, in any event, the principle of operation remains the same, the condenser and amplifying system cooperating with the shutter system to substantially eliminate all effects of stray radiation. Thus, when measurements are being made in the long-wavelength region of the spectrum as the first shutter rotates alone, the condenser |0| discriminates against the false energy reaching the detector in favor of variations in intensity of these selected radiations. At the same time, the amplifier discriminates in favor of variations in intensity of the selected radiation at the frequency of beam interruption.

In. an alternative embodiment of the invention, a shutter arrangement is provided in which the lter sector is coated to reduce the reection coeicient thereof to a negligible value, and no spokes are used in this shutter. In this case too, the component of the variation of radiation intensity at the detector when selected radiation of long-wavelength is focused thereon is proportional to the intensity of only the selected radiation.

When the two shutters are engaged and rotating together all of the radiation is periodically interrupted by the shutter sectors. With this arrangement, whenever selected radiation of shortwavelength is focused upon the detector, the intensity of radiation striking the detector varies at the frequency of beam interruption and with an amplitude proportional to the intensity of the short-wavelength radiation in question. When the two shutters are rotating together the variation in the intensity of radiation striking the detector` is represented by graph a of Fig.v 11, there being no measurable amount of stray radiation present at this time;

In either event, whether the rst shutter is rotating alone or the two shutters are rotating together in register as a single shutter means, the coupling |26v between the motor shaft |24 and the shutter shaft 93 is adjusted to such a position that one pair of contacts of the mechanical rectifier |08 opens and the other pair of contacts closes each time that the fundamental component of the current in the output of* the alternating current ampller passes through zero". As previouslyy indicated such ac'- tion resultsin improved sensitivity by increasing the .signal-to-noise ratio and in improved linearity of response.

An auxiliary chamber284 is arranged transversely of the beam path between the exit window 205 of the auxiliary gas cell |5 and th'e exit opening 32 of the source compartment k20 so as to enable the insertion and withdrawal vof a filter 289 having kany desired properties into the path of the beam. Such a filter may be so manipulated by being supported upon a slide- 286 arranged at the inner end of a rod, or operating arni, 281 extending through `the compartment wall. `This filter` slide also carries a completely opaque shutter 283 which is con-` venient for adjusting the zero control Y|06 of Fig. 2, as mentioned before.

Liquid-sample cells Consideringnow the liquid-sample compartment, reference is made particularly to Figs. 13 and 14, wherein there is shown a liquid-sample holder 290 comprising two liquid-sample test cells 292 and 294 corresponding to the cells 68a and 08h, previously mentioned, either one of which may be selectively positioned in the path of the collimated beamrbetween the entrance aperture 33 of the liquid-sample compartment 2| and the exit aperture 35 thereof. The liquid-sample holder 290 comprises a frame structure 296 having an upper cross-member 298 and a lower cross-member 299 interconnected by a central upright member 300 terminated at its upper end by a finger grip 30|, by means of which the frame structure containing the cells may be removed from and arranged within the compartment 2|.V The lower cross-member 299 is supported at its outer ends by a pair of depending -V-notched end plates 302 and 303 adapted to rest on a rod 304 extending lengthwise across the compartment transversely of and below the beam path. This rod provides front, intermediate and rear grooves 305, 305a, and 305D. When the front end plate 302 rests in the front groove 305, the cell 294 is disposed in the beam. When the end plate 302 rests in the intermediate groove 30511 the cell 292 is disposed in the beam and when in the rear groove 30511, both cells are removed from the beam. The two notches 305 and l 305a are so located upon the rod 304 that each of the liquid sample cells may be disposed in substantially identical positions in the beam. Below and to one side of the rod 304 is a rotatable arm 306 which may be slid into and from the liquid-sample compartment. This arm 306 is operated by a handle 301 and carries a platform 308 above the rod 304 which may be used to lift the sample holder from one position on the rod Y and move it to another position. A pin 30`|aex tending from the upright member 300 rests against a'smooth bearing surface on a fixed horizontally extending land 3080, to aid in supporting the liquid-sample holder in a vertical position. l

Each of the liquid-sample test cells comprises metal plates 309 and 3|0 (Fig. 14) having coaxial circular bores 3|| and 3|2 therein. Between these plates 309 and 3|0 there are arranged an annular amalgamated lead gasket 3|3, a rear rock-salt window 3 I 4, an apertured amalgamated opaque spacer 3|5, a front rock-salt window 3|6'. and a rubber gasket 3|1 in the order named. The foregoing elements are rigidly secured together by means of four screws 3 I 1a and are registeredby means of alignment pins 3| 1b extendingr through all of them. The aperture in the spacerv 3|5 defines a liquid-sample chamber 3|8 between the two windows 3.|4 and 316. This aperture is provided with an upper slot 3 I9 which communicates through upper bores, in the rocksalt-.window 314 and the lead gasket 3|3, with a vertical adit bore 32| at the top of the plate 309. This aperture is also provided with a lower slot 320 which communicates through lower bores, passing through the rock-salt window 3|4 andthe lead gasket 3|3, with a vertical exit bore 322 in the bottom of the plate 309. Upper and lower needle valves 324v and 325 are arranged in the adit and exit bores 32| and 322 respectively tol facilitate lling and emptying the liquid chamber.

The cross-sectional area and the lengths and the shape of the two liquid-sample chambers 3|8 in the respective cells are made as nearly alike as possible and the windows of the different sample chambers are also made as nearly alike as possible in order to minimize corrections required in calculations from inequalities between thev two cells.

Preferably, the cross-sectional area of the aperture of each cell, denned by the side wall of the spacer and the top and bottom portions of the plates, totally encloses the beam projected into the liquid-sample compartment so that the area of the beam transmitted through a liquid sample to the monochromator is independent of this area.

Each of the liquid-sample cells is clamped in the liquid-sample holder between a pair of upstanding pins 326 on the lower cross-member 299 and springs 321, extending transversely from the lower side of the upper cross-member 299.

This arrangement is capable of a wide variety of uses. For example, with this arrangement it is a relatively easy matter to make comparisons between liquid samples contained in different cells. Also, for example, in order to eliminate errors due to reflection losses at the interfaces between the liquid and the rock salt when a liquid sample under investigation is in one of the liquidsample cells, a comparison run may be made with a sample of a non-absorbing liquid of about the same index of refraction in the other cell. Furthermore, both of the liquid-sample cells may be removed completely from the beam, when it is desiredto make measurements of' gas samples.

Gas-sample cells yConsidering now the gas-sample compartment 22, reference is made particularly to Figs. and 16, wherein is shown in detail the sample holder 12 comprising the two gas-sample testing cells 14a` andy 14h together withv a mechanism for interposing either of the cells in the path of the beam to analyze gas samples and for withdrawing both the cells therefrom while non-gaseous samples are to be analyzed. The gas cells 14a and 14h are in the form of cylindrical tubes 339 and 349, each having a largerinternal diameter than the largest cross-sectional dimension of the beam. Each tube is closed at its ends by means of rocksalt windows 34| and 342 suitably secured and hermetically sealed in place. The two tubes 339 and 349 are rigidly secured together by means of transverse rods 345 and 341 and two L-shaped pieces of tubing 349 and 359 connected together at their corners. These tubings provide connecting passages extending respectively between chambers 352 and 353 in the respective cells 14a and 14h and external gas handling apparatus.

allel andl the two tubings 3.49and. 350r terminate: in outwardly-facing female ball-joint` .elements- 355. and 3.59 at oppositeendsof a third. axis par.` allel to the axes of the .cells and below the. path 25 of the beam. The gas-sample holder.,1 2; is' arranged for rotation about this third axis by means of tube leads 358 and 35.9 provided with male ball-joint elements 35| and 362 comple,- mentary to the femaleelements at the'ends` ofthe tubings 349 and 359. The tube'lead 353isrigi'dly secured to the floor of: the compartment and terminates in a vertically rising section upongw-hichA its ball-joint element 36| is elbowed. The tube lead 359 is pivotally. supported about itslength on the floor of the compartment. 22 and terminates. in a rising section upon which its ball-joint ele.-

ment 352 is elbowed. The two rising sections of the tube leads are normally urgedtogether to seal. the ball joints formed by said elements by means` of a coil spring 364 connected between the mouable tubev lead 359 andthe far wall of the compartment.

Gas samples may be introduced into and re1- moved from the first gas-sample test` cellf 14a. through the connecting tube 349 and the stationary tube lead 358 by suitable manipulation of external gas handling apparatus connected tothis; tube lead. In a similar manner gassam'ples mayy be introduced into and removed from thesecond gas-sample test cell 14h through. the,` tube 353. the movable tube lead 359 and a stationary tubeA lead `361 with which the pivoted tube. leadv 3.59; is sealed by means of a ball joint.358.

Tubes 339, 349, 349', 353; 358 and 359 and the'4 ball and socket couplings may.- conveniently be. constructed entirely of glass, to gain the `advantages 'of transparency and: chemicalV inertness.

available inthis material;

The mechanism for moving the gas. cellslnto and out of alignment with the path. 25v of the: beam includes a semi-circular gear 31| journalled in the wall of the compartment 22. directly beneath. they light path l35.' andV attached by means of a` shaft 313 to the gas-sample holder 12 coaxiallywith the ball joints about which the gas-sample holder rotates. The shaft 313 carries. within the. compartment 22 a sectored disk 315 having an arm 313 extending therefrom and rigidly secured to one of the rods 341 that interconnect the-two gas cells. The disk 315 is provided with three notches 311., 318, and 319 on the periphery thereof, which are arranged. to selectively engagea plunger 380 pushed upward from the floor of the com-A partment by means of a suitably arrangedspring The middle notch 318 corresponds to they position in which the two cells are in a neutral' when analyzing gas samples, the liquid-sample holder is held in its neutral position. Thereupon a series of gas samples. may be tested in a number of ways. For instance, if it is desired to make4 direct comparison between two gas samples, the two samples are introduced into the. twov gas cells andthe respective gas cells positionedinthe path 

